24 



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HOLLAND 




COMMEMOR^ATIMG THE i ~~ 

C E N X E ISl A.R_Y 
CELEBK-ATION OFTHE 

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HOLLAND 

THE HOME 
OF PEACE 



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A Great Ocean Liner Leaving the Port of Rotterdam 

(New triple-screw turbine ateamsHip "Slaleadam '* of the Holland-America Line) 
32,500 tons register (Now building) 43,000 tons displacement 




HOLLAND 

THE 

HOME OF PEACE 

JAMES HjGORE PhD.LLD. 



Author oj 

" Holland as seen by an American," 

'Dutcli Art as seen by a Layman," 

"" How to see Holland, etc., etc. 



COAVAEAVORATING f£e ' 
CENTENARYCELEBRATION 

KINGDOno^/eNETHERLANDS 

^ DEDICATION o^^e. ^ 

PEACE PALACE 



NEW YORK 
PUBLISHED BY 



'^ MCMXIII ^^ '*' 




Copyrighted. 1913 
HoU and -America Line 



^\^^ 



Designed, Engraved and Primed by 
The William Darling Press. New York 



c:. 







Harborview, Rotterdam 




N recent years the call for arbi- 
tration has gone up and down 
the land, disarmament has been 
the cry of well-meaning people. 
Peace Congresses have held 
long and important Sessions at 
The Hague, and in a few months there will be 
dedicated in this city the Palace of Peace. 

At first it seems paradoxical to associate Hol- 
land — the usual name for the Netherlands — 
with Peace. Those who know this country 
best, its land, and its history, think of the con- 
flicts which have been waged here, waged 
against the elements and against man. They 
think of the country where the rivers run, so 
to speak, above the heads of the inhabitants, 
where powerful cities rest below the level of 
the sea which surges against them, where por- 
tions of the cultivated fields are invaded by 
the waters and in turn freed from them, where 
islands have been attached to the continent by 
ropes of sand, and where parts of the solid 
ground have been transformed into islands. 

Holland, without quarries, has erected mag- 
nificent buildings and substantial cities, almost 



without timber she has constructed navies 
which have disputed the sea with the most 
powerful Heets. 

It is not astonishmg that even a sterile coun- 
try should, by cultivation, produce grain and 
stock, but it is surprising that Holland should 
exist. 

That which interests the traveler more than 
the local scenery, the character of the people, 
or the prosperity of the country, is the mystery 
of formation and strange destiny which is ex- 
plained partly by nature and partly by human 
industry. Flat as a calm ocean, indented by 
gulfs and bays, eaten away by interior lakes, 
and intersected by rivers, Holland seems to 
have been for ages the arena of combat be- 
tween land and sea. 

In other countries where science seeks to un- 
ravel geologic problems, it examines the testi- 
mony of the rocks and reads from mountains 
regarding whose structure history is silent. 
Human genius follows the action of forces 
which spent themselves anterior to man's prob- 
able entry, but in Holland all is new, the gulfs, 
lakes and islands, and even entire provinces 



FIVE 





The '"Oosterkade", a Busy River Traffic Section at Rotterdam 



have come into existence under man's observa- 
tion. He has seen, within historic times, sand 
close a river's mouth, land converted into w^ater, 
and lakes dry up and disappear. The ordinary 
agencies of change, wind and waves, rain and 
flood, and the rise and fall of land have here 
been at work. Long after the Continent of 
Europe had become fixed and stable, Holland 
began its geographic formation and is still pur- 
suing processes intended to hold or enlarge her 
boundaries. 



The jesting answer, "The Dutch have taken 
Holland," satisfied the query for news ad- 
dressed returning skippers, and the second 
question was seldom asked, though a more 
truthful reply would have been, "The Dutch 
are taking Holland" — taking it by such slow 
and solemn degrees as the coral mite is build- 
ing a mountain on old ocean's bed and by a 
quiet perseverance that is equalled only by the 
dripping stream that changes granite rocks into 
sea-side sand. The Dutch are taking Holland 



%• 




The Prinsengracht, Amsterdam 



and nature has endowed them with that 
patience and industry that enables them to 
gather solid and fruitful earth, inch by inch, 
from a roaring, encroaching sea. No other 
people but the Dutch are so well fitted to pump, 
scoop and shovel and rake a fine productive 
country out of a cold, sour, reedy marsh. 

The wind and waves said, "there shall be 
no land here"; the Dutch said, "there will be 
land here", and out of the conflict there arose 

"A land thai rides at anchor and is moored. 
On which people do not live but go aboard." 



Physical geography is loath to admit the 
existence of Holland, and blind gravity, in rob- 
bing the sluggish rivers of their load of sedi- 
ment, has blocked their outlets into the sea, 
and made them in turn destroy the land of 
their creation. The sea has resisted this en- 
croachment and in retreating it has continually 
fought to regain lost territory. It has throwTi 
barriers across the river channels to make the 
rivers themselves destroy the land of their cre- 
ation, it has hurried the rich alluvial soil fath- 
oms deep under unproductive sands, and where 
it does not build a fortress against itself in the 








i-i O AA E 



i=>e: A. C E — 



shape of sand-dunes, the state must accept the 
challenge and begin a royal battle. 

Along the North Sea there are stretches, 
sometimes eight miles in length, along which 
there must be built dykes strong enough to 
withstand the heaviest storm and highest sea — 
such are the dykes at Petten near Alkmaar, 
and Westkapelle on the island of Walcheren. 

The sea has had an ally in the dreaded 
teredo, or borer of the sea. In 1 732 it was 
found that the ships from the East had carried 
with them a curious shell fish, which has the 



habit of boring into wood and even into stone 
of moderate hardness. The Pholas has a shell, 
armed with a saw, by which it is able to carve 
out an habitation for itself and effectually 
destroy the timber or stone into which it cuts. 
The danger from this source was not realized 
until it was accidentally discovered that at 
many places the very bulwarks of Holland's 
safety were honeycombed. The discovery of 
this condition threw Holland into dismay. For- 
tunately the means which were taken to protect 
the piles unwittingly assisted in the extermina- 




Canal Scene, Amsterdam 





A ZuYDER Zee Shore Scene 

tion of the terrible pest. Large-headed nails 
were driven into the wood so close together 
that they practically gave it a coat of mail, 
and now caution keeps the more important 
piles covered with copper sheeting. A worm 
has made Holland tremble — a triumph denied 
to the tempests of the Ocean and the anger 
of Philip of Spain. 

One never combats nature with abstractions. 
In Holland, man is kept inevitably face to face 
with realities by the watchful care which his 
very existence demands and the material ob- 
stacles which must be conquered at every step. 
Patriotism never becomes dormant because the 
face of the land shows in its scars its history, 
and the love of Home grows at the reckoning 
of the cost of its retention. 

One saw this little nation, almost imperceptible 
on the map of the world during the 1 6th Century, 
build dykes and contest with the sea for suprem- 
acy. In their struggle against Spain they pre- 
ferred to treat with the sea than with the Duke 
of Alva, and when no longer able to cope with 
a superior force, they cut the dykes and flooded 
provinces, preferring to drown themselves with 
the land of their creation than to live upon 
soil outraged by the feet of foreign foes. 

In this fragmentary country, broken mto 
parts by lakes, and cut into pieces by rivers 
and canals, interests centered around localized 
systems of Hydraulics. Thus one community 



was a unit in those vital matters of sustenance 
and self-preservation, and its people naturally 
felt a greater allegiance to the local govern- 
ment than to a centralized power. From the 
liberty of the canton or village, a single differ- 
entiation led to the liberty of the individual. 
Under such conditions, an empire could never 
have come into existence; with such an origin, 
the United Netherlands are indissoluble. 




Canal Thro' the Woods, The Hague 





Mauritshuis Art Gallery and Vyverberg, The Hague 



William of Orange was satisfied to be a 
Stadhouder, or local governor, and his succes- 
sors became kings in name rather than in func- 
tions. The present sovereign wishes to be as 
democratic as the great founder of the dynasty 
and also strives to emphasize local pride and 
patriotism by wearing, during her visits to the 
provinces, the costumes so dear to her people. 

Without the Dutch, there would be no 
Netherlands. This country is in truth and in 
fact their own creation and they have the un- 
deniable right to look upon their work and say 
"It is good." 




Canal, North Holland 



Without science and industry, such a land 
could never have beheld the light of day, and 
but for incessant vigilance of its people it would 
soon perish. Its creation is a miracle of human 
genius, its preservation is a monument to its 
skill. 

Urged by his religion to be patient under 
affliction, the pious Hollander has continued to 
reconquer and refortify that which wind and 
waves and grasping neighbors abstracted time 
and again from his possession, he has continued 
to scoop the mud into ridges, to face the ridges 
with stone, and cover them with bricks and 
set trees upon their borders, has continued to 
drive piles into the marshes, set cities on the 
piles and sail ships to the cities of his creation; 
nor has he ceased to catch herrings for the 
South, bring spices for the North, weave wool- 
ens for the East and print books for the World. 

The other conflicts which Holland waged 
were not so bloodless. They included the 
greatest and most important of all European 
wars, that in which the seven provinces of 
Holland secured their independence against 
Philip, the monarch who was supposed to 
possess the mightiest forces of the age. Hol- 
land was won by its people, acre by acre, field 
by field, against the best European troops of 




L.^ 




the time, the craftiest generals, and apparently 
boundless resources. 

The success of this struggle stimulated simi- 
lar efforts in other countries and though failure 
as often as success crowned these efforts, gov- 
ernments were purified, lofty principles vindi- 
cated and ignoble ambitions crushed. 

Undoubtedly the precedent of the Dutch 
revolt was before the minds of those who drew 
up the Declaration of American Independence. 
The French Government, to show its unfriend- 
liness to England, intervened on behalf of 
American freedom and sowed the seeds of the 
French Revolution. The successful issue of 



O AA E OF* PEA-CE 




this revolt was the repudiation of the divine 
rights of Kings and the divine authority of the 
Pope. 

In throwing off the yoke of Spain the for- 
mal announcement was made in the "Act of 
Abjuration." In this act was found the first 
enunciation of the duties of rulers to their 
people and an affirmation that there is, and 
must be, a contract between the ruler and the 
people, even though that contract has not been 
reduced to writing, or debated on, or fought 
for. Unexpressed in words but declared in 
substance was the novel theory now enjoyed 
by the world in its fullness that men and women 




Models of Old Dutch Sailing Vessels in St. Bavo Church, Haarlem 





_! 



are not the private estate of princes, to be dis- 
posed of in their industry, their property, and 
their consciences, by the whim or fancy of 
those who were fortunate enough to be able 
to Hve by the labors of others. 

When Julius Caesar was engaged in extend- 
ing the Roman Empire over the northern tribes 
of the great Teutonic race, he found the terri- 
tory enclosed between the two principal arms 
of the Rhine occupied by the Batavians. 

"The Batave was the noblest of savages. He 
loved the solitude of the marsh and the forest, 
he inhabited the sea as much as the land, he 
was as free as the wild fowl that frequented his 
haunts, he was a constant friend and a ferocious 
enemy, he was broad-browed, broad-shoul- 
dered, strong-limbed, white-skinned, blue-eyed 
man, who loved one wife and worshipped one 
God. His race was driven by a succession of 
extraordinary tides from the island homes, to 
move southwardly among the tribes of stran- 
gers and became enveloped among the armies 
of Rome, lost by civilization many of their 
noble characteristics, grew to be the most re- 
liable soldiers of the Empire, held the balance 
of power between rival candidates for Em- 
peror, and lost their identity as a tribe, but 
as you walk through the streets of Trastevere 
among the known descendants of the cap- 
tains of the Roman Empire, your friend, the 
tracer of races, will point you to a blue- 
e3'ed woman, a yellow-haired child or a 

red-bearded man and 
say, 'There goes 
Batavian blood.' 
Just so, as you wan- 
der among the earth 
walls of Zeeland and 
South Holland, your 
antiquarian friend 
will lead you to the 
top of some ridge 
now far inland, and 
quietly inform you 
that 'that's Batavian 
Dyke.' The same 



fe 


A 


fell 


f^kk 


^m 


^s 


^m 


^m 


w^h 



Naarden 



antiquarian a little farther south, would show 
you the Druse canals and the Roman road- 
ways." 

At whatever cost Rome achieved her con- 
quests the debt was more than paid in the 
municipal institutions which survived the bar- 
barous inroads of Hun, Goth and Vandal and 
the towns, in the enjoyment of their chartered 
rights, made laws to meet local conditions and 
fostered industries to meet existing demands. 
Thus it was that when the Crusades trans- 
ferred military activities from home to foreign 
lands and gave extra work to those who chose 
the less romantic vocation of producing, the 
towns of the low countries became veritable 
hives of industry. The damp air prevalent in 
this section seemed to give a special texture 
to the goods woven here and in the lack of 
sufficient raw material from neighboring flocks, 
England was called upon to supply the de- 
mand. Thus it was that from the time of the 
Edwards (1272) to the end of the Tudor line 
(1603) free intercourse with the Low Coun- 
tries was of profound interest to England and 
to the Netherlands. If this trade were inter- 
rupted, thousands of looms would lie idle and 
poverty would show itself in the Flemish cities. 

The needs of the body and the demands of 
fashion kept the shuttles flying and the song 
they sang was the song of Peace. 

Another potent influence for peace was the 
herring fishery industry which attained gigan- 
tic proportions because of the skill of the Dutch 
in catching the fish and their secret process for 
curing them. The discipline of the church 
prescribed a fish diet during divers periods of 
the year and the faithful were not disposed to 
quarrel with their source of supply. The fish- 
eries of the North Sea were not only a mine 
of wealth but became the nursery of the Dutch 
Navy, of those amphibious mariners who struck 
the first blow for Dutch independence, crushed 
in later years the maritime supremacy of Spain, 
founded the Batavian empire of Holland in 
the tropics, engaged in an unequal struggle with 
England, and upheld for a century the repu- 



TWELVE 






tation of Holland after it had passed the zenith 
of its commercial greatness. 

These same hardy mariners developed the 
great ti-ade with East India and laid the way 
for England's ultimate conquests m the East. 
They made voyages of discovery popular and 
in bringing back objects curious and interest- 
ing laid the foundation for the earliest museum 
in the world. The earlier voyagers gave Dutch 
names to capes, bays, islands and continents 
which now, in modified form, tell a graphic 
story of perilous exploration. 



The type of Government called into exist- 
ence by the industrial and commercial activi- 
ties in the Netherlands after three centuries of 
successful operation subsequently became a 
source of weakness. The towns were the units 
in the scheme and the deans and masters of the 
guilds eventually monopolized the government, 
and extinguished the ancient right of free elec- 
tion, and the communities became practically 
little republics whose deputies took common 
counsel together in general assemblies. But 
with conflicting interests and competitive aspir- 




The East Gate, Delft 





Street Scene, Delft 



ations the cities were quarrelsome and com- 
bative and only united to resist a grasping foe. 
Philip the Good inherited in the Nether- 
lands the counties of Flanders and Artois. He 
purchased Namur, usurped the Duchy of 
Brabant and took from his cousin Jacqueline, 
Holland, Zeeland, Hai- 
nault and Friesland. 
From this time on, the 
seventeen provinces 
vv^hich made up the 
Netherlands were fought 
for and fought over. 
They were the booty 
for which foreign sov- 
ereigns contended and 
it was not until Wil- 
liam of Orange revolted 
agamst measures which 
he declared his liege 
Lord, Philip of Spain, 
would not sanction that 
Zeeland the land had a cham- 




pion who sought a ruler from their midst. Vic- 
tory ultimately crowned this effort, and in 1 648 
the United Netherlands achieved in the Peace 
of Munster their independence. 

While William did not hve to see the end 
he so devoutly strove to achieve, he is regarded 
as the father of his country and Delft, his home 
and place of burial, is visited by thousands. 

"No town is richer than Delft in associations 
that appeal to many different types of mind. 
The traveler whose main object is to note the 
characteristic national features finds Delft quite 
as interesting as Leyden or Haarlem, though 
differing much from both. The lover of Dutch 
architecture finds much to note in such build- 
ings as the Gemeenlandshuis, the Town Hall 
and the New Church. The compact, clean 
little town is rich in studies for the artist of 
to-day, and full of associations connected with 
past history of Dutch art. No man who is even 
partially acquainted with the thrilling story of 
Dutch history can go otherwise than as a rever- 
ent pilgrim to the town whose streets 'Father 




William' trod so often, to the house where he 
lived and where he died, to the church — the St. 
Denis of Holland — which witnessed the solemn 
ceremonials of his own funeral, and to which, 
one by one, his chief descendants have been 
brought. 

Here, too, the great market is a center of 
interest. It is very spacious and at one end 
rises the west front and lofty steeple of the 
New Church, built in the early part of the 
1 5 th Century. 

Opposite this, and filling the west end of the 



great square, stands a fine statue of Hugo 
Grotius. 

It was a bold thing for Jacob Harmensen, 
known as Arminius, to question the doctrine 
of predestination, nor did the storm he raised 
cease with his death in 1669. Unfortunately 
for his traducers his tenets had prevailed in 
the University of Leyden and had been 
adopted by most of the higher and educated 
class, and among them were found Barne- 
veld and Grotius, but by the populace they 
were viewed with a fanatical abhorrence, fanned 




Canal and Leaning Tower, Delft 





-F 



.' MA .•Vt/Sft'V*X9. 



and excited by their rigid Calvinist 
clergy headed by Gomarus. The 
conflict, at first religious, ultimately 
assumed political significance and 
involved the question as to whether 
the churches were under the control 
of the states or the Stadhouder. The 
Gomarists proposed a national synod 
to settle the religious aspects of the 
controversy to which deputies came 
from The Netherlands, England, 
Germany and Switzerland. After 
holding 180 Sessions at Dort, the 
Arminians were condemned, 200 of 
their pastors were deposed, 80 were 
banished, and in May, 1619, they 
set forth a confession of faith, which 
was long held by the Calvinistic 
party as of supreme authority. 

The victory gained by Maurits, 
the Stadhouder, did not satisfy him. 
He was determined to rid himself 
of Barneveld, who had opposed the 
Synod of Dort and also Grotius. 
On fictitious charges the former was 
unjustly condemned and executed 
on May 13th, 1619, and Grotius 
was sentenced to imprisonment for 
life. After serving two years he es- 
caped, through the cunning of his 
wife, and took refuge in Paris where 
he completed his famous work on 
"The Law of War and Peace." 



FAVi; 



SfiFp! 



ljaaRa»-jt«;3!li 



Dort, or Dordrecht, is an ancient 
city, one of the oldest in Holland, 
going back to the 1 0th Century. It 
stands on what is now an island 
which was torn from the mainland 
in 1421 by an inundation — a catas- 
trophe which is a part of every 
Dutchman's to-morrow. Here were 
born the De Witt brothers whose 
superior, as councilors and patriots, 
Holland has not been able to pro- 
duce. The dome on ancient Groot- 
hoofspoort, one of the town gates of 
the 16th Century, contains, among 
other relics, a collection of medals, 
some of which were struck in com- 
memoration of the execution of the 
two patriots just named. 

Dort is a delightful old town to 
stroll about. The variety of gables, 
quite as extensive as in any other 
Dutch town, the number of "pic- 
turesque bits", in the artistic sense, 
compressed into a small area, is very 
large, the huge ancient church tones 
and colors the landscape, and the 
river and numerous canals and water- 
ways add to the charms. 

The great Church is a fine build- 
ing, having a high, square tower, a 
prominent landmark for miles around, 
but the interior is the most desolate 
and apparently ill-cared for of all 



The New Church, Delft 




the large Dutch cathedrals. There is a hand- 
some pulpit, dating from 1 756, but the chief 
treasure is some magnificent ancient oak carving, 
executed in 1538-1540 by Jean Terwen, of 
Amsterdam. These carvings adorn a superb 
set of choir stalls and are approached only by 
the screen in the church at Hoorn. They are 
well worth a visit, but the lover of the antique 
will come away grieved. 



Charles of Sweden was financially exhausted 
by the expensive habits of Christina and the 
thirty years war, and looked about for a nation 
which he could despoil. Denmark, at that 
time unsettled by internal dissension, was select- 
ed for the attack. If successful, Poland would 
be called upon to yield some territory and the 
Baltic was to be a Swedish lake. John Casi- 
mir II, of Poland, resented the arrogance of 
his Swedish neighbor, and though threatened 
by Cossacks on the East and harassed by 
troubles within, he stubbornly resisted the pre- 
tentious designs of Charles. 

Cromwell was expected to give aid to 
Polcuid but held aloof because of promised 
commercial favors in the Baltic trade and Hol- 
land, weakened by wars with England, would, 
it was thought, refrain from aiding Denmark. 
But the possible closing of the Baltic to Dutch 
trade gave Denmark an ally. The successes 
of Charles, surpassed only by the achievements 
of Gustavus Adolphus, aroused such fears 
amongst the neutral powers that they insisted 
upon a cessation of hostilities. This was con- 
summated in the treaty concluded at The 
Hague between England, France and Holland 
on May 21, 1659, for mutual defense, to 
include the elector of Brandenburg's possessions 
on the Baltic and the protection of Dutch com- 
merce on that sea. 

The Hague, made a city by a decree of 
Louis Bonaparte, had, at the time this treaty 
was signed, a tovra hall nearly ready to cele- 
brate its centennial. Now the capital of Neth- 
erlands, this city was praised by Motley as the 



most elegantly built, and the most charming 
and attractive of European residences, excel- 
ling by a happy combination of coquettish 
architecture and coquettish horticulture. 

No place in Holland is so full of historical 
reminiscences. They are, in the main, associa- 
ted with the Royal Chapel, the Prisoner's 
Tower, the Binnenhof and the Buitenhof 
(Inner and Outer Court), where formerly 
resided the Counts of Holland and the Stad- 
houders of the Orange Line, and where, nowa- 
days, are held the sittings of the States-General. 

In the Buitenhof, a large open square, stands 
an ancient gate tower (restored) leading into 
the Plaats. It is the Gevangenpoort (prison 
gate). Here, in 1671, Cornelius De Witt 
was imprisoned, charged with conspiring 
against the Stadhouder, William III, and it was 
here when his brother John, the Grand Pen- 
sionary, hastened to protect him, that the popu- 
lace, whose minds had been poisoned, broke 
into prison, and dragging both the De Witts 
into the square, tore them to pieces. Such was 
the reward of another of Holland's sons, who 
had taught the Dutch how to fight the English 
single-handed, and had startled London with 
the sound of his ship's guns in the Thames. 
The old prison has its instruments of torture 
belonging to that chapter in Holland's history, 
not two centuries old, 
when the tortures in- 
flicted on its prisoners 
were "not surpassed at 
Venice," even in its 
worst time. 

Outside the Binnen- 
hof, the last building 
standing alone by the 
edge of the lake at the 
comer, is the Maurits- 
huis, the famous Hague 
Picture Gallery (open 
weekdays, 9-4, Sundays, 
1-4, closed on certain 

Church festivals), which national monument. The Hague 




SEVENTEEN 





The "Voorstraatshaven", Dordrecht 



ranks with that of Amsterdam as one of the 
finest collections of the Dutch school. Its three 
hundred pictures include the prized "Bull" of 
Paul Potter, which was judged as fourth among 
the stolen treasures at the Louvre carried off by 
Napoleon, Rembrandt's well-known Anatomi- 
cal Lecture, painted in 1632, for the dissecting 
room of the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons. 

Among the monu- 
ments are two to the 
founder of Dutch in- 
«P^- % ,4i dependence. Prince 

i«SM# •^ .,^»4 Willem I, one to the 

chivalrous King Wil- 
lem II, and one to 
Spinoza, the philoso- 
pher, the National 

Butchers' Hall, Haarlem MonUmCnt (restoration 




of national independence in 1 81 3), and in the 
charming "Scheveningsche Boschjes" (Scheve- 
ningen Woods), the marble benches to Cremer 
and Verheul. Precious are the incunabula in 
the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Royal Library), 
with a very artistic gable as also the medals and 
cameos in the collection of coins. In the Nieuwe 
Kerk repose the earthly remains of Spinoza and 
the murdered brothers De Witt. Among the 
Royal Palaces are that in the Noordeinde, the 
residence of the Queen, and the Huis ten Bosch 
(Palace in the Wood). The latter, situated 
on the outskirt of the delightful and extensive 
Haagsche Bosch, is famed for the Orange Hall, 
where Amalia van Solms, the Widow of Stad- 
houder Frederik Hendrik, caused to be immor- 
talized by the best masters of Rubens' school, 
the warlike deeds of the Conqueror of Cities 





The Prison Gate, The Hague 



in a series of paintings, partly symbolical and 
partly historical, and also because the first 
Peace Conference in Europe held its sittings 
here. 

During the summer of 1913, when delega- 
tions from every part of the world will visit The 
Hague to assist in dedicating the Temple of 
Peace, the many visitors will be entertained 
by historic processions and international exhibi- 
tions of agriculture, of aeronautics and of sport. 

The neighboring University town, Leyden, 



will take part in celebrating this festive occa- 
sion by brushing up its wonderful Museum and 
exhibiting the works of some of the dozen or 
more of the illustrious artists who were bom 
here. In that brilliant galaxy we find Jan 
Steen, Gerard Dou and Rembrandt. But while 
the casual visitor will be interested in viewing 
the pictures that may be brought together for 
this occasion the lovers of history will recall 
the gallant defense which the Dutch patriots 
made for 131 days against the besieging Span- 



NINETEEN 





Old Scheveningen Road, The Hague 



iards. To relieve the surrounded city William 
the Silent concocted the daring scheme to flood 
the intervening country by cutting the dykes in 
sixty places and opening the sluice gates at 
Gouda and Amsterdam so that his fleet might 
sail to the rescue and carry provisions into the 
city as soon as the great rise of the vsfater, com- 
ing w^ith the autumnal equinox should take 
place. The Spaniards, startled at the first news 
of the inundation, w^ere reassured when they 
understood the purpose of the Hollanders, 
deeming it certain that the city must fall before 



the waters could reach even the first line of 
fortifications, and they pushed the siege with 
redoubled vigor. In the meantime, the people 
of Leyden began to feel the pressure of famine 
and sent letters to William, and laid before him 
the sad condition of the city. The waters ad- 
vanced, the Spaniards began to abandon their 
lower fortifications, the inhabitants of Leyden 
climbed the tower to watch the sea, now hop- 
ing, now despairing, but they never ceased to 
work at the walls, to make sorties, and to resist 
attacks. On the first of September the people 



/L7 



TWENTY 




1 
J 



of Leyden, from the top of the Tower, saw 
appear upon the distant waters the foremost 
Dutch vessels. It was a fleet of Zeelanders 
determined to save Leyden or die in its sur- 
rounding waters. At midnight, when the tem- 
pest was at its height, in profound darkness, 
the Dutch fleet renewed the battle, the Zee- 
landers fought like demons while the flash of 
the Spanish cannons lit up the terrible carnage. 
Fortress after fortress was attacked, vanquished 
and sacked, until all were silenced and the 
rescuing fleet entered the city. 

Here a horrible spectacle awaited them. A 
population of bony spectres, almost dead from 





Original Home of the Pilgrim Fathers, Leyden 



The Oldest of the University Buildings, Leyden 

hunger, crowded the banks of the canals, stag- 
gering and falling, and stretching out their arms 
towards the ships. The sailors began to throw 
them bread and then ensued amongst those dy- 
ing men a desperate struggle, many were 
suffocated, others died in the act of eating, 
others fell into the canals. The first rage of 
hunger satisfied, the most crying needs of the 
city provided for, citizens, sailors, women and 
children rushed into the cathedral where they 
sang in voices broken by sobs a hymn of 
thanks and praise. 

To reward Leyden for her heroic defense. 



twenty-one 



. ,*»l*»T*?»1*S'.TiWa:»"a>«^t^¥r?^;j>'aiSWWSli»?»/-^;. 





The Burg (Ancient Castle) at Leyden 



William gave her people the choice between 
the exemption from certain taxes or the found- 
ing of a University. Leyden chose the Uni- 
versity and thousands throughout the civilized 
vs^orld have profited by her choosing. 

The charter of the University of Leyden was 
modeled after those of the older universities of 
the Continent. Motley calls attention to the 
"ponderous irony" in which it was conceived. 
Holland still recognized its allegiance to Spain, 
the dream of an independent exercise of sov- 
ereignity, had never entered the thoughts of the 
people. Hence it was necessary to throw the 
majesty of the royal name around the estab- 
lishment of the young University. The charter 
proceeds in Philip's name to authorize the 
founding of a University as a reward to the 



citizens for their rebellion against himself, 
"especially in consideration of the differences 
of religion, and the great burdens and hardships 
borne by the citizens of our city of Leyden 
during the war with such faithfulness." 

The Senate Chamber, in which hang the 
portraits of the men, who, generation after gen- 
eration, have sustained and extended the repu- 
tation of the University, was described by 
Niebuhr as "the most memorable room in 
Europe in the history of learning." The names 
of the most emment men whose portraits hang 
there show what a power Leyden has been in 
the republic of letters. 

It is pleasant to linger around the Town Hall, 
but it must be left to its guardians, gaily painted 
stone lions, who have done sentry duty for over 



twenty-two 




■■iiiii 

HO'' 



~m/iS-iigiJs:M 




three hundred years, and in later days looked 
down on young Oliver Goldsmith dawdling 
here, on the boy, Philip Stanhope, receiving 
and sometimes reading my Lord Chesterfield's 
"Letters", on the studious Boswell, seeking 
Johnson's kindly advice and counsel, on Eve- 
lyn, deep in botany, and on other English lads, 
since distinguished and dead, who attended 
with more or less attention the lectures of 
Leyden's great professors. 

Americans are doubly drawn to Leyden 
since this city, by formal action, welcomed the 

Puritans when they 
found it necessary to 
leave their homes in 
Amsterdam, and on 
a house opposite St. 
Peter's Church a 
tablet bears the tes- 
timony to the fact 
that it was here that 
John Robinson lived, 
taught and died. 




The war, Louis 
XIV declared on 
England in 1 666 
Gate, haahlem involved the neigh- 

boring countries and 
threatened Spain's holdings in the Nether- 
lands. To pacify Holland and secure the aid 
of her navy he made an alliance which threw 
upon Holland the burden of the war on sea. 
Her fleet, at first unequal to England's, was 
eventually aided by the pestilence, and the 
Dutch vessels triumphantly entered the Thames 
and terrified the Londoners as their guns sank 
the English ships at Sheerness. This bold move 
and the infesting of the coasts by privateers 
made England ready for peace, while the crafty 
Louis, by throwing troops against the Spanish 
Netherlands, caused Holland to doubt his 
honesty and finally to listen to the peace pro- 
posals. This was consummated by the treaties 
signed at Breda on July 31st, 1667, by Eng- 
land on one side and Holland, France and 



Denmark on the other. The last named coun- 
try, though not directly involved in this war, 
utilized the occasion to enter a partnership that 
might discourage Sweden from repeating the 
attack of eight years before. In this compact 
several colonies changed hands and it was 
agreed that the merchandise coming down the 
Rhine might be imported into England in 
Dutch vessels — a privilege that helped to de- 
velop the commerce of Holland and enrich the 
merchants of Utrecht and Rotterdam. 

Breda is known to us as the place captured 
by the seventy men who secured entry into the 
town by concealing themselves under a cargo 
of peat that was being taken in to supply the 
officers' quarters. In the scarcity of fuel it was 
difficult for the boatmen, who knew of the plot, 
to keep away insistent buyers until nightfall, 
when the half suffocated men came from their 
hiding places, over- 
powered the watch- 
men at the gates and 
let in the waiting 
soldiers to complete 
the conquest. 

In 1639 the Dutch 
destroyed the Span- 
ish fleet in aiding 
Portugal's struggle 
for independence. In 
the ten years' truce, 
agreed to in 1 64 1 , 
the two nations were 
to assist each other 
against any common 
foe, but the truce did 
not cover the colonies 
belonging to the con- 
tracting parties. The 
colonists of these 
countries were en- 
gaged in local con- 
flicts with varying 
success, but when 
fortune seemed to weigh house, alkmaar 




TWENTY-THREE 




w o I- t- A ^ 









favor the Portuguese, the Dutch, irritated by 
Portuguese ascendency, carried the war into 
Portugal, and by 1 658 they had practically 
destroyed Lisbon's trade. 

Through favorable alliances with England 
and France, Portugal became so powerful that 
Holland was ready, in August, 1 66 1 , to dis- 
cuss a peace proposition. While the matter 
was pending, Holland made conquest of sev- 
eral Portuguese colonies, so that the insistence 
for peace came from the other side, and in 
July 1669, a final treaty was signed at The 




The Ancient Church, Veere 






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Castle Brederode, Zandpoort, near Haarlem 

Hague, by which Dutch conquests were to be 
retained and in return for Brazil, Portugal was 
to give salt to the value of one million Florins. 



Louis XIV readily forgot his promises of 
1667, and finding that Portugal was nursing 
a grievance, they formed an alliance and pre- 
pared to invade the Spanish Netherlands, not- 
withstanding the assurance he had given Hol- 
land that he would first give notice before 
taking such a step. Louis justified this act by 
claiming this territory as a part of his wife's 
dowry and issued to all the powers a manifesto 
to prove his claim. He occupied one town 
after another with but little opposition until 
he reached Ghent. The loss of territory fright- 
ened Spain into soliciting the aid of England 
and Holland, making to the latter most tempt- 
ing offers. The great De Witt, in his desire 
to be friendly to both parties, resorted to a 
compromise proposition and suggested that 
France be required to fix a boundary to her 
proposed conquests. This was too much for 
the proud Louis. It was true that the little 
Republic had not only achieved her own in- 
dependence against the colossal power of Spain, 
that she had saved Denmark from the grasp of 
Sweden, and that she had fought a drawn 
battle with England for the dominion of the 



TWENTY-FOUR 




seas, but these were trivialities in comparison 
with • the proposition that the haughty and 
proud France should be limited in her conquests. 
After various vain endeavors to make alli- 
ances, Louis, early in 1672, marched against 
the United Netherlands. It was a veritable in- 
vasion, like the eruption of the sea. Manufac- 
tures and trade were suspended, all the shops 
were closed as well as the schools, universities 
and courts of law; the churches alone remained 
open and hardly sufficed to contain the anxious 
throngs which crowded them. Many sent their 



wives and children to distant lands, together 
with their treasures, which others buried. 

In this low ebb of their fortunes, the de- 
jection of the Dutch prompted them to make 
the most submissive proposals, hoping thereby to 
secure what remained to them. Louis declined 
and demanded more. But more offensive than 
his claim of land were the demands which, if 
granted, would injure their commerce, wound 
their pride and shock their religious prejudices. 
He also stipulated that each year the Dutch 
were to present to Louis a gold medal bearing 




View of Gronincen 



R 
TWENTY-FIVE 




an inscription that they owed to him the 
preservation of that liberty which his predeces- 
sors had helped them to acquire. 

The injustice and annoyance of these de- 
mands inspired the Dutch to defend themselves 
to the last extremity. They determined to 
pierce the dykes and lay the country under 
water and then betake themselves to the East 
Indies. The De Witts were held responsible 
for this misfortune and the movement against 
them, starting in Veere, swept across the coun- 



try and ended in their execution on August 
20th, 1672. 

The war was desperately fought and in its 
ramifications England, Sweden, Spain and Lux- 
embourg became involved. Finally convinced 
that exhaustion alone would terminate the con- 
flict in a bootyless victory, all parties seemed 
ready to sign at Nymegen on August 10th, 
1 678, the document that brought peace. All that 
Holland lost, besides blood and treasure, were 
her settlements in Senegal and Guiana. As 




View of Arnhem 



TWENTY-SIX 





for Louis, he reached the boundaries of his 
conquests and his sun moved rapidly away 
from its zenith. 

Nymegen, where this famous treaty of peace 
was signed, will take her part in the peace 
festivities of 1913 by holding an exhibition of 
Roman antiquities in a building modeled after 
the "Casa Dipansa", of Pompei. This is 
made specially appropriate since here can be 
seen a small fragment of the old palace church 
built by Frederick Barbarossa, and the pic- 
turesque Valkhof occupies one of the seven hills 
on which this Batavian Rome was originally 



built and where Charlemagne erected an im- 
perial palace. Nymegen also boasts of the old- 
est remnant of ecclesiastical architecture in the 
Netherlands — the sixteen-sided Gothic Chapel, 
rebuilt a number of times, after being consecra- 
ted originally by Pope Leo III in 799. 

Nymegen naturally suggests its twin city, 
Arnhem, the Arenacum of the Romans. Real- 
izing the many beautiful trips that can be made 
from this capital of Gelderland, the authorities 
have organized for the second half of August 
and September a number of excursions, and 
those who utilize this opportunity will see 




Market Place and Old Church, Arnhem 



TWENTY-SEVEN 






where the retired Dutch merchants, who, hav- 
ing amassed a fortune in the colonial trade, and 
the officer, after long service in the tropics, elect 
to spend their last days. In fact one would be 
reconciled to approaching old age if a residence 
on the Singel could be guaranteed or a home 
in any one of the beautiful environs. There 
are here so many large trees, grass-covered 
slopes and suggestions of hills and valleys that 
it is with difficulty that one realizes that this 
is a part of Holland. 



The ambitions of Louis were not satisfied 
with the peace of Nymegen nor did he regard 
seriously the attempt to bound his activities, 
and to his eyes his sun had not set. He became 
embroiled with Alsace and asserted his sov- 
ereignity over certain Flemish cities. His pre- 
tentions alarmed Europe and drew into an 
alliance Sweden, Spain and the United Nether- 
lands, while his persecution of the Huguenots 
incurred the hostility of every Protestant coun- 
try in Europe. He alarmed the Catholic 




View in the Kronenburc Park, Nymegen 




TWENTY-EIGHT 




by his 
ambition 
and estranged the 
Pope by the con- 
tempt which he 
displayed for 
apostolic chair. 

William of 
ange, who 
nursed a persona, 
grievance against 
him by wresting 
the English sceptre 
from the hands of 
h i s father-in-law, 
and, reigning in 
England, he would 
turn her forces 
against the French 
King. 

When William, 
on November 1 st, 1 688, sailed with his fleet to 
seize the crown of England, the Spanish Am- 
bassador at The Hague caused a high mass to 
be performed for his success. By a strange 
coincidence just a century before, Spain had 
fitted out the Armada to wrest the English 
sceptre from the hands of a heretic and compel 
the nation to accept the Papal authority. Now 
she was abetting the attempt of a Calvinist 
Prince to expel a Roman Catholic King. 

France, allied with England, seemed a for- 
midable foe to be attacked by Holland single- 
handed, and it is not surprising that victory 
usually perched upon their banners rather than 
on the flag of Holland, but at enormous cost 
of blood and treasure, and "the people", as 
Voltaire says, "were perishing to the sound 
of Te Deums". 

Sweden, not forgetting the bonds of a peace- 
ful alliance, proposed that a truce be declared, 
and for the purpose of discussing the terms of 
peace, a conference was called to meet at 
Rijswijk on May 9th, 1697. On September 
20th, of that year, three separate treaties were 



The Deer Park, The Hague 

signed between France on the one side and 
Holland, England and Spain on the other. 
Thus there came to an end a war which had 
lasted nine years. It drove the last of the 
Stuarts from the throne of England, placed com- 
merce on a safe footing and made it possible for 
England to become a great colonial power. 

Rijswijk, the little village that furnished 
the stage for this mo- 
mentus act, will play 
its part in entertaining 
the peace-loving visitors 
who will visit Holland 
in 1913 by exhibiting 
agricultural products of 
Westland, Pomona's 
pleasure ground. And 
those who come by the 
way of Leyden to see 
this quaint town will 
follow the route taken 
by the Pilgrims on the 
first stage of their long 
journey to America. veere 




TWENTY-NINE 



^ 




The "Harincvliet", One of the Many Inner Harbors in Rotterdam 



In the absence of heirs to Charles II, the 
crown of Spain found three claimants: the 
Dauphin of France, son of the elder sister of 
Charles; the elector of Bavaria, grandson of 
his second sister; and Emperor Leopold, a de- 
scendant of Philip and Joana of Castile. Each 
of these enlisted their people in the war that 
was waged over the Spanish Crown, and 
through the interlocking alliances practically all 
of Europe became involved in the controversy. 



In the midst of this bitter war, an alliance 
was imminent between France and England, 
which, if consummated, would jeopardize the 
safety of the other powers. This possibility 
and the doubtful issue of the many-sided con- 
flict hastened an agreement for a peace confer- 
ence which convened in Utrecht, January 
29th, 1712. So many interests had to be con- 
sulted before final action would be taken that 
it was not until April II th, 1713, that the 




t-i O /SA E OR PEACE 




Bridge Across the Amstel, Amsterdam 



treaties were ready for signing. France, on the 
one side, made treaties with England, Portugal, 
Prussia, Savoy and Holland, and Spain with 
England, Savoy, Holland and Portugal. All 
these compacts together form the Peace of 
Utrecht and unitedly they brought to an end 
the war of the Spanish succession, the greatest 
which had agitated Europe since the crusades. 
Utrecht is an animated academic town full 
of reminiscences of the one-time Episcopal gov- 
ernment. -The cathedral contains the grave of 
the last Archbishop, in the mint is a complete 
collection of Dutch coins and medals and the 



City Hall houses an excellent archaeological 
museum. 

It is the "Trajectum ad Rhenum" of the 
Romans, and ever since the last of the legion- 
aries were recalled from the banks of the Old 
Rhine, which finds its way through the city to 
the sea, it has been the scene of notable events. 
It was here that the first Christian Church was 
established by Dagobert, and it was here that 
the Phantom Battle, so admirably described 
by Motley, was said to have been seen. 
Utrecht was the headquarters of the Jansen- 
ists, the sect which, in the time of Pascal, gave 



THIRTY-ONE 




L 




3 




OuDE Gracht, Utrecht 



such trouble to their rivals, the Jesuits, the Bull 
Unigenitus notwithstanding — and in the little 
suburb of Zeist the Moravian Brothers have a 
home. Harvard, in speaking of the Utrecht 
cathedral, says: "Of what strange, surprising, 
terrible events has that tall, square giant been 
witness?" It has seen Princes and Bishops, 
Emperors and Kings, pass by its base. A hun- 
dred yards away a Pope was born, and yet it 
has witnessed the destruction of the emblems of 
the old faith. After having summoned Roman- 



ists to mass, its bells have summoned Protestants 
to their services. Often it has looked down 
upon Oldenbameveld, as he came to rekindle 
the flaggmg ardor of his partisans, and not only 
does it cast its shadow over the tomb of the 
Princess Solms, the wife of the Stadhouder 
Frederik Hendrik, but at its feet, Louis XIV, 
drunk with his greatness, in a day of madness, 
there caused the Calvinist Bible to be burnt. 
French bullets respected its arches, but in a 
night of tempest the nave was swept away. 



^ 



THIRTY-TWO 




..J 



What a romance might be written with the 
title,- "The Souvenirs of the Cathedral Tower." 
Among its numerous objects of interest 
Utrecht has a canal, the Oude Gracht, that 
differs from all others seen m Holland. The 
water in this canal lies far below the level of 
the bordering streets and the "riser" of the giant 
step up to the street pavement was made up of 
foundation arches upon which were built the 
houses that fronted the thoroughfare along the 
canal. To utilize the spaces which would 
otherwise be wasted, the vaulted foundations 
served as cellars and later were transformed 




St. Bavo Church and Coster Statue, Haarlem 



Canal and Mills, Zwolle 

into shops and now and then a lace curtain 
and window plants give evidence of human 
habitation. 

Utrecht, as a patron of art will, during 
the summer of 1913, hold an exhibition of 
early North-Netherland painting and sculp- 
ture, while Zalt-Bommel, nearby, will bring 
together a collection of old China to interest 
the visitor. 

In 1716 the relations between Peter of 
Russia and England became strained because 
of the unwillingness of the latter to lend aid 
to Russia in the 

trouble she was water Gate, Sneek 

having with 
Sweden and Tur- 
key. Charles XII 
invaded Norway, 
and the Tsar and 
the King of Den- 
mark agreed to 
make a counter at- 
tack on Schonen, 
while Holland was 
expected to be 
ready with a help- 
ing fleet. But when 
Peter offered flimsy 
excuses for his un- harbobgate, hoorn 




THIRTY-THREE 





The "Rijksmuseum", Amsterdam 



readiness to lead the combined fleet which he 
had so industriously brought together, he was 
suspected of having designs on Copenhagen, 
and when it was found that he was spending 
the winter in intriguing, so many doubts were 
raised that better counsels prevailed and a 
treaty of peace was signed on August 4th, 1717, 
at Amsterdam, by France, Russia and Prussia, 
in which it was stipulated that the Tsar and 
the King of Prussia would accept the media- 
tion of France to restore peace between them 
and Sweden. 

It is not inappropriate that the last treaty of 



peace made on Dutch soil should be signed in 
Amsterdam, for Amsterdam, "built on herring 
bones" and founded on commerce, thrived by 
the practice of the arts of peace. It is a Mecca 
towards which the traveler in Holland will 
naturally turn, for he has heard much about 
this Venice of the North resting serenely on 
her ninety islands. He has read about the 
great Rijksmuseum with its wonderful paint- 
ings of Rembrant, Dou, Steen, Ruysdael, Hals, 
and scores of other artists who have made 
Dutch art famous. And returning friends have 
told him of the busy street and canal life, of 



THIRTY-FOUR 





the patient work of the diamond cutters, the 
unique Jew quarters, the clean streets and the 
well-fed, contented people. He will want to 
see the many places named in history and place 
his feet where illustrious men have trod and 
for a moment stand within the New Church 
where, since 1814, four Kings of Holland 
have taken the oath of the constitution. During 




Street in Monnikendam 

the summer of 1913 Amsterdam will be espec- 
ially alluring for then there will be in this city 
an exhibition of architecture and the graphic 
arts, a naval exhibition, a centennial exhibit of 
Woman's work — all of which will be fur- 
ther enlivened by illuminations, water car- 
nivals and the dedication of a monument 
commemorating the centenary of the restora- 
tion of independence, and the foundation of 
the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 

The nearby seaside resort, Zandvoort, will 
profit by the influx of strangers, and in return 
will seek to entertain them by a display of 
everything relating to the welfare and comfort 
of the child. 

The smaller cities of Holland, although they 
furnished no stage setting for the closing act 
of the great tragedy of war, are anxious to do 
their part in making memorable the great peace 
event of 1913. 



Boskoop will exhibit, during the second half 
of July, the roses for which it is so justly 
famous; Deventer, the busy manufacturing 
town of Overysel, will add a national festival 
of song to the horticultural exhibition proposed ; 
Domburg, the Zeeland resort that is the unique 
possessor of a magnificent forest and beautiful 
beach, quite appropriately proposes a display 
of bathing requisites; Gouda, conscious of the 




Villagers of Monnikendam 

part she played in the relief of Leyden, will 
show that her people can make other things 
as well as they make cheese; Groningen will 
make arrangements 
to enable those in- 
terested to see some 
of the fine stock farm, 
for which that sec- 
tion is noted; Sneek, 
mindful of the gal- 
lant mariners who 
have gone from her 
walls to add naval 
glory and commer- 
cial wealth to Hol- 
land, will have an 
exhibition of sailing, 
sport and fishing. 
Zwolle will bid the 

visitor to come to see Saw mill, south Holland 




'tfftf^kjgitf ;;• tir ';rrfit^< v/-" 1.^ v/i:,^:. ■', .a r.i^'- 



THIRTY-FIVE 





Botanical Gardens, Leeuwarden 



her old Sassen-Poort, or Saxon gateway, and 
look upon samples of local skill and in- 
dustry. Haarlem hardly needs any special 
attractions, for every one will want to see 
the acres of tulips and hyacinths planted so 
closely together that they seem to be huge car- 
pets, with the brightest colors in their designs, 
laid by mother earth for her own housekeeping, 
but Haarlem is proud of her art treasures, and 
these will be increased by loans of paintings 
and a display of Costeriana — for the Haarlemer 



knows that Coster, a former dweller in that 
city, was the inventor of printing from movable 
type. s'Hertogenbosch and Maastricht will 
place emphasis upon the need to satisfy intel- 
lectual appetites and will give, during the sum- 
mer, at frequent intervals, historical processions, 
and classic plays. Middelburg, with the gar- 
rulous chimes of the Nieuwe Kerk, will want 
to show the stranger that here the great naval 
hero, De Ruyter, was born, as well as Jansen, 
the inventor of the telescope and the microscope. 



THIRTY-SIX 





and Jacob Cats, the humorist-poet-philosopher, 
and at the same time afford an opportunity to 
see the varied and beautiful costumes of the 
island of Walcheren. 

Leeuwarden will hope the visitor will want 
to see the Olde Hove, the unfinished tower 
that, in its disregard for the perpendicular 




Quaint Marken 

emulates the tower of Pisa. But the stranger 
can also find here a wonderful museum contain- 
ing a large collection of Frisian antiquities and 
an unsurpassed porcelain exhibit. Even the 
smaller towns of Muiden, Tilburg, Amersfoort, 
Coevorden, Gooi, Kerkrade, Valkenburg and 
Velsen are energetically making preparations to 
entertain the visitors who may come within 
their gates, while Rotterdam, always a living 
exhibit of commerce and industry, will be 
equipped with special facilities for seeing her 
docks, basins and harbor facilities. 

In addition to the peace treaties terminating 
wars which have been signed in Holland, many 
treaties of alliance to prevent bloodshed have 
been contracted upon Dutch soil. Among 
these may be mentioned the alliance between 
Spain and France, made at Nymegen, Sep- 
tember 1 7th, 1617, between Portugal and 
Holland at The Hague in July, 1 669, between 
Spain, Holland and Brandenburg at The 



Hague August 30th, 1673, between England 
and Holland at The Hague, January 10th, 
1678, and between Great Britain and Prussia 
at Loo, January 13th, 1788; and on April 
9th, 1609, at Bergen-op-Zoom, a truce of 
twelve years was agreed to by Spain and the 
States General of Holland. 

Holland has provoked no war with the hope 
of gain and waged no battle with spoils in view. 
Ultimate peace and security have been the ends 
in mind and her forces have been found, in the 
main, on the defensive side. Her war with the 
sea has had for its purpose resistance to the sea's 
encroachment, and she fought Spain for personal 
and religious liberty. Liberty was to the Dutch 
not limited to their personal enjoyment, but, so 
far as their influence and power could go, it 
was employed in seeking liberty for others. 
Thus the Jews, who were despised because 
they were thrifty, plundered because they were 
rich, and harassed because they clung tenacious- 




A Marken Interior 

ly to their ancient faith and customs, found an 
asylum in Holland. The Jansenists, expelled 
from France, found a refuge in Utrecht and a 
recognition when recognition was a dangerous 
offense. And the Puritans, driven from Eng- 
land for conscience sake, were welcomed in 



THIRTY-SEVEN 




Amsterdam and helped to become owners of 
homes in Leyden. 

It is, therefore, most appropriate that Peace 
Congresses should convene in Holland and that 
a Court of Arbitration should find a home with- 
in her territory. And the climax of the fitness 
of things is found in the fact that Mr. Carnegie, 



whose business interests encircled the globe, 
whose heart beats in sympathy with the throb 
of every aching human heart, and whose bene- 
factions know neither geographic boundaries 
nor racial limitations, should donate the means 
for the erection of a temple of Peace 
Holland, the Home of Peace. 



m 




The Peace Palace at The Hague, Holland 



THIRTY-EIGHT 





^./follanc/ lie /comes the yVorM 



in 



1913 

fy^esteoa/s and ^xhiBitions in 

Uhirtu kO uteri (cities 

( Unoustri^ — «/7/'/ — -^gricultupe ) 



in 



(commemoration of the i^entenarij 

of the 

tj^ounoation of the tJy^ingoom 

of the 

•^\ ether lands ana the kOedication 

of the J. eace J. alace 



cfull particulars ivlll l>e furnis/ietJ. upon 
application to the Official Unformation 
Office, U5 L. VoorAout, ^he -^ague 



THIRTY-NINE 




-mams j::: . 



;<s^;^.v</, 



H 



INJ D 



T M E 




Holland-America Line 

REGULAR TWIN-SCREW PASSENGER SERVICE BETWEEN 
NEW YORK and ROTTERDAM (Holland) 
With call at PLYMOUTH (London) and BOULOGNE-SUR-MER (Paris) 




24,170 Tons Register 



TWIN-SCREW STEAMSHIP "ROTTERDAM' 



Displacement 37,190 Tons 



Direct and Most Convenient Route for Travellers 
from the United States to Holland 

the quaint old land, the scene of many unique festivities in 1913 to commemorate the centenary of the 
foundation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the dedication of the Peace Palace. 

Proceeding from Holland, the capitals and places of interest of several European countries are within easy 
reach, and excellent through-train connection may be made at Rotterdam, and other points. 



TWIN-SCREW STEAMSHIP "ROTTERDAM" 



THE FLEET 

TWIN-SCREW STEAMSHIP "NOORDAM " 



Registered Tonnage 24.170 : 



Displacement 37.190 Tons 



Registered Tonnage 12,531 ; 



Displacement 22,070 Tons 



TWIN-SCREW STEAMSHIP "RYNDAM ' 

Registered Tonnage 12,537 ; Displacement 32,070 Tons 



TWIN-SCREW STEAMSHIP "NEW AMSTERDAM" 
Registered Tonnage 17,250; Displacement 31,000 Tons 

TWIN-SCREW STEAMSHIP "POTSDAM," Registered Tonnage 13,606 ; Displacement 39,070 Tons 

THE NEW TRIPLE-SCREW TURBINE STEAMSHIP "STATENDAM"!of 32,500 Tons Register, 45.000 Tons Displacement is now building 

All steamers are of enormous tonnage, as may be judged from the above figures; they are splendidly equipped for the safety 
and comfort of passengers and are provided with the latest improvements, having bilge-keels, superb decks, halls, saloons and 
large staterooms, Marconi wireless telegraph, submarine signal receiving apparatus, etc. 
For full information, sailings and rates, communication is invited with the following General Passenger Agencies of the Holland- America Line 

39 Broadway, NEW YORK, N. Y. J« 145 N.Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL. a* 84 State Street, BOSTON, MASS. 
319 Geary Street, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. ^ 219 St. Charles Street, NEW ORLEANS, LA. ^ Cor. 9th and locust 
Streets, ST. LOUIS, MO. ^ 121 So. Third Street, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Jt 278 Apartado, HAVANA, CUBA 

40 Toronto Street, TORONTO, CAN. Jt 286 St. James Street, MONTREAL, CAN. ,^ or wiih its local Agents 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS I 



029 999 277 9 




